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Staphylococcus aureus
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Tables and
Figures
Table 1:
Comparison of Healthcare Associated and Community Associated MRSA
Table 2. In vitro Activity of Antimicrobial Agents Against
Staphylococcus aureus
Table 3. Suggested Antibiotics, Doses and Duration for
Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Infections
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PDF]
Table 4. Most Commonly Recommended Treatment Regimens for
Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis [Download
PDF]
Table 5. Isolation Precautions Recommended for Hospitalized Patients
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PDF]
Table 6. Recommendations to Prevent The Spread of Vancomycin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus [Download
PDF]
Table 7.
Recommendations to prevent MRSA in Athletes [Download
PDF]
Key Anti-Staphylococcal
Antibiotics
Daptomycin
[Daptomycin
Summary] Kerry L. LaPlante,
Pharm.D., Michael J. Rybak, Pharm.D.
Fusidic Acid [Fusidic
Acid Summary] Keryn J. Christiansen, MBBS
Glycopeptides ( Dalbavancin,
Oritavancin, Teicoplanin, Vancomycin) N. Virgincar, MSc, MD, Alasdair MacGowan, M.D.
Linezolid and Other Oxazolidinones [Linezolid
Summary] Brian T. Tsuji, Pharm D., Glenn W. Kaatz, MD, Michael J. Rybak, Pharm.D.
Mupirocin [Mupirocin
Summary] Suzanne F. Bradley, M.D.
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin [Quinupristin/Dalfopristin
Summary] Kimberly D. Leuthner, Pharm.D., Jeffrey R. Aeschlimann, Pharm.D., Michael J. Rybak, Pharm.D.
Tigecycline [Tigecycline
Summary] David R.P. Guay, Pharm.D.
Vignettes
Richard L. Oehler:
MRSA:
Historical Perspective
Abigail
Orenstein: The Discovery
and Naming of Staphylococcus aureus
Lina G, Vandenesch F, Etienne J.
A
brief history of Staphylococcus aureus Panton Valentine leucocidin
John JF, Lindsay JA.
Clones and Drones: Do Variants of Panton-Valentine
Leukocidin Extend the Reach of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus?
J Infect Dis 2008;197:175-178.
Article:
Chang FY. Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Recurrence and the Impact of Antibiotic Treatment in a
Prospective Multicenter Study. Medicine 2003.
Article:
Chang FY. A Prospective
Multicenter Study of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Incidence of Endocarditis,
Risk Factors for Mortality, and Clinical Impact of Methicillin Resistance.
Medicine 2003.
Article:
Menace in the Locker Room, Sports Illustrated , February 28, 2005.
Article: CDC. MRSA
infecting the St. Louis Rams football team. N Eng J Med February 3, 2005
Review Article: Leid, JG.
Bacterial Biofilms Resist Key Host Defenses.
Microbe/Volume 4, Number 2, 2009.
Review
Article:
Hiramatsu K. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus: a new model of antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. October 2001.
Review Article: Lentino JR,
Narita M,
Yu VL.
New Antimicrobial Agents as Therapy for Resistant
Gram-Positive Cocci.
Review Article:
Rybak MJ,
LaPlante KL.
Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus
aureus: A Review. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25(1):74-85.
Review Article: Wertheim HFL, Melles DC,
et al.
The role of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet
Infectious Diseases 2005;5:751-762.
Review Article: Schaudin C, Stoodley P,
Kainovic' A, O'Keeffe T, Costerton B, Robinson D, Baum M, Ehrlich G, Webster
P. Bacterial Biofilms, Other Structures Seen as Mainstream Concepts.
Microbe 2007;2:231-237.
Review
Article: Kellie SM.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pregnancy: epidemiology,
clinical syndromes, management, prevention, and infection control in the
peripartum and post-partum periods. 2007.
Jorgenson L, et al.
Vancomycin disposition and penetration into ventricular
fluid of the central nervous system following intravenous therapy in patients
with cerebrospinal devices. Pediatr Neurosurg
2007;43:449-455.
Review Article:
Efflux Pumps as a Mechanism
of Antimicrobial Resistance. 2008
Patient Handout: Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Review Article: Raad, I., Hanna, H. and
Maki, D. Intravascular Catheter-related Infections: Advances in Diagnosis,
Prevention and Management. The LANCET Infectious Diseases 2007; Vol.7, Issue 10,
645-657.
Guideline: Rybak M, et al.
Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult patients: A consensus review of
the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases
Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Am
J Health-Syst Pharm 2009;66:82-98.
Baron EJ.
Staphylococci
Baron EJ.
Flow Chart from Colony on BAP
Baron EJ.
Flow
Chart Aerobic Gram Positive Organisms
Venkata Meka, M.D.:
Panton-Valentine leukocidin
and
Synergohymenotropic toxin
Victor L. Yu:
Repeat blood cultures
after 3 days in patients with Stapylococcus aureus bacteremia
Awad SS, et al.
Increasing incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin
and soft-tissue infections: reconsideration of empiric antimicrobial therapy.
Am J Surg 2007;194:606-610.
Barberan J, Aguilar L,
Carroquino G, Gimenez M-J, Sanchez B, Martinez D, Prieto J.
Conservative Treatment of Staphylococcal Prosthetic Joint Infections in
Elderly Patients.
Am J Med 2006;119:993.e7-993.e10.
Bhalla A, et al.
Staphylococcus aureus intestinal colonization is
associated with increased frequency of S. aureus on skin of hospitalized
patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:105.
Kallweit U, et al.
Successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus meningitis
using linezolid without removal of intrathecal infusion pump. Case
report. J Neurosurg 2007;107:651-653.
Climo MW, et al.
The Effect of Daily Bathing with Chlorhexidine on the
Acquisition of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin-resistant
Enterococci, and Healthcare-associated Bloodstream Infections: Results of a
Quasi-experimental Multicenter Trial. Crit Care Med.
2009;37:1858-65.
Deresinski S.
Active surveillance for detection of MRSA colonization.
Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:v-vi.
Elliott DJ, Zaoutis TE, et al.
Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy for Pediatric Skin and
Soft-Tissue Infections in the Era of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus
aureus.
Pediatrics. 2009;123:e959-66.
Euba G, et al.
Long-Term Follow-Up Trial of Oral
Rifampin-Cotrimoxazole Combination versus Intravenous Cloxacillin in
Treatment of Chronic Staphylococcal Osteomyelitis. Antimicrob
Agents Chemother. 2009;53:2672-6.
Goldberg E, Paul M, et al.
Co-trimoxazole Versus Vancomycin for the Treatment of
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia: a Retrospective
Cohort Study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:1779-83.
Jang HC, Kim SH, et al.
Salvage Treatment for Persistent Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Efficacy of Linezolid With or Without
Carbapenem. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:395-401.
Fowler VG Jr, Boucher HW,
Corey GR, et al;
S. aureus Endocarditis and Bacteremia Study Group.
Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by
Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2006;355:653-65. Kim SH, Kim KY, et al.
Outcome of Vancomycin Treatment in Patients with
Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:192-197.
Kosowska-Shick K, Clark C, et al. Activity
of Telavancin Against Staphylococci and Enterococci Determined by MIC and
Resistance Selection Studies. Antimicrob
Agents Chemother. 2009;53:4217-24.
Lodise TP, McKinnon PS, Levine DP, Rybak MJ.
Impact of Empirical-Therapy Selection on OUtcomes of
Intravenous Drug Users with Infective Endocarditis Caused by
Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob
Agents Chemother 2007;51:3731-3733.
Lodise TP, Lomaestro B, et al.
Larger Vancomycin Doses (>=4 grams/day) are Associated
with an Increased Incidence of Nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother 2008;52:1330-6.
Malhotra-Kumar S, Haccuria K, et al.
Current Trends in Rapid Diagnostics for
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
and Glycopeptide-Resistant Enterococcus
Species. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:1577-1587.
Gram stain,
2008
Mariani-Kurkdjian P. et.al.
Monitoring
serum vancomycin concentrations in the treatment of Staphylococcus infections in
children. Arch Pediatr. 200815:1625-9.
Forouzesh A, Moise PA, Sakoulas G.
Vancomycin Ototoxicity: A Re-Evaluation in an Era of
Increasing Doses. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother. 2009;53:483-6.
McKinnon PS, et al.
Impact of Linezolid on Economic Outcomes and Determinants
of Cost in a Clinical Trial Evaluating Patients with MRSA Complicated Skin and
Soft-Tissue Infections. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40:1017-23.
Mitrano JA, Spooner LM, et al.
Excretion of Antimicrobials used to Treat Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus Infections during Lactation: Safety in Breastfeeding
Infants. Pharmacotherapy. 2009 Sep;29:1103-9.
Muņoz P,
Hortal J,
et al.
Nasal carriage of S. aureus increases the risk of
surgical site infection after major heart surgery. J Hosp
Infection 2008;68:25-31.
Narita M.
In Vitro and
animal studies of antibiotic synergy for newer antistaphylococcal agents for
Staphylococcus aureus.
2008
Patel N, Lubanski P, et al.
Correlation Between Vancomycin MIC Values and Those of
Other Agents Against Gram-Positive Bacteria Among Patients with Bloodstream
Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:5141-4.
Chua K, et al.
Not Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)! A Clinician's Guide to Community MRSA -
Its Evolving Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for Therapy.
Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:99-114.
Proctor RA.
Role of Folate Antagonists in the Treatment of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Infection. Clin Infect
Dis. 2008;46:584-593.
Rajendran PM, Young D, et al.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Cephalexin for Treatment
of Uncomplicated Skin Abscesses in a Population at Risk for Community-Acquired
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:4044-4048.
Soriano A, Marco F, et al.
Influence of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration
on the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.
Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:193-200.
Rubinstein E, et al.
Pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:S378-85.
Rutland BE, Weese JS, et al.
Human-to-dog transmission of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1328-30.
Spellberg B.
Oral Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for S. aureus and
MRSA Osteomyelitis. 2008.
Svetitsky S, Leibovici L, Paul M.
The comparative efficacy and safety of vancomycin vs.
teicoplanin: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother. 2009 Jul 13. [Epub ahead of print]
van Loo I, Huijsdens X, et al.
Emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
of Animal Origin in Humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1834-9.
Zaoutis, T et al.
Prolonged
Intravenous
Therapy
Versus
Early
Transition
to
Oral
Antimicrobial
Therapy
for
Acute
Osteomyelitis
in
Children.
Pediatrics 2009;123:636-642.
Bode, LGM, et al.
Preventing Surgical-Site Infections in Nasal Carriers
of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med
2010;362 (1):9-17.
Lee D, et al.
Successful Treatment of Methicilin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus Meningitis with Daptomycin. Clin
Infect Dis 2008;47:588-590.
Zeller V, et al.
Continuous Clindamycin Infusion, an Innovative
Approach to Treating Bone and Joint Infections. Antimicrobial
Agents and Chemotherapy. 2010;54:88-92.
van Hal SJ, et al.
Emergence of daptomycin resistance following
vancomycin-unresponsive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in a
daptomycin-naive patient--a review of the literature. Eur J Clin
Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30:603-610.
Jung JY, et al.
Effect of vancomycin plus rifampicin in the treatment
of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia.
Crit Care Med 2010;38:175-180.
Vesga O, et al.
Generic Vancomycin Products Fail In Vivo Despite
Being Pharmaceutical Equivalents of the Innovator. Antimicrob
Agents Chemother 2010;54:3271-3279.
Horne KC, et al.
Prospective comparison of the clinical impacts of
heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-susceptible MRSA. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother. 2009; 53:3447-52.
USA300 MRSA: An
Overview
Lauderdale TLY, et al.
Carriage rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) depend on anatomic location, the number of sits cultured,
culture methods, and the distribution of clonotypes. Eur J
Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;29:1553-1559.
Authors
John Turnidge, M.D.,,
Nalini Rao, M.D., 
Feng-Yee Chang, M.D., 
Vance G. Fowler Jr, M.D.
Susan
M. Kellie, MD, MPH,
Sandra Arnold, MD, MS,
Bruce Y. Lee, M.D., MBA,
Anne Tristan, PharmD, Ph.D.
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