Table 1. Summary Table of Susceptibilities to Rifampin
|
Organism |
# Isolates |
MIC50 mg/ml |
MIC90 mg/ml |
Range or (MIC, unspecified) mg/ml |
Reference |
|
Gram Positive Bacilli
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Anaerobic gram positive rodsb
|
20 |
0.5 |
16 |
<0.06-16 |
|
|
Arcanobacterium hemolyticum- Actinomyces pyogenes
|
12 |
<0.003 |
0.007 |
<0.003-0.007 |
|
|
Bacillus subtilis
|
1 1 |
|
|
0.0313 <0.2
|
|
|
Bifidobacterium species
|
6 |
0.8 |
6.2 |
0.1-50 |
|
|
Brevibacterium casei
|
50 |
<0.03 |
<0.03 |
<0.03 |
|
|
Clostridium beijerinckij
|
2 |
|
|
0.05 |
|
|
Clostridium botulinum A
|
1 |
|
|
0.0625 |
|
|
Clostridium botulinum B
|
1 |
|
|
0.0039 |
|
|
Clostridium difficile
|
56 4 20 15 55
|
1.56 0.2 |
>100 0.4
0.002a
|
0.10->100 0.1-0.4 (<0.2) (<0.2) 0.002a |
|
|
Clostridium histolyticum
|
1 |
|
|
(0.125) |
|
|
Clostridium perfringens
|
1 15 2 34 |
|
0.13
|
0.0039 (0.125) 0.1 0.13-1 |
|
|
Clostridium speciesc
|
26 |
0.2 |
50 |
0.0125->100 |
|
|
Clostridium species
|
17 |
<0.125 |
<0.125 |
<0.125 |
|
|
Corynebacterium amycolatum
|
101 |
<0.03 |
>64 |
<0.03->64 |
|
|
Corynebacterium auris
|
48 |
<0.03 |
0.06 |
<0.03-0.06 |
|
|
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
|
83 |
|
<0.06 |
<0.06->2.0 |
|
|
Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum
|
86 |
<0.03 |
<0.03 |
<0.03 |
|
|
Corynebacterium jeikeium
|
43
|
<0.003
|
64
|
<0.003->256
|
|
|
Corynebacterium JK
|
102 |
<0.25
|
<0.25
|
<0.25->64 |
|
|
Corynebacterium minutissimum
|
20 |
<0.003 |
256 |
<0.003->256 |
|
|
Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum
|
12 |
<0.003 |
<0.003 |
<0.003 |
|
|
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
9 |
|
0.0156 |
0.008-0.0156 |
|
|
Corynebacterium striatum
|
11 86
|
2 >128 |
>256 >128 |
<0.003->256 >128 |
|
|
Corynebacterium urealyticum (Corynebacterium group D2) |
94 63 65 30 30 |
0.06 0.015 <0.008 4 128 |
0.06 4 8 8 >1024 |
0.06-8 <0.003->256 <0.008->128 <0.25-512e <0.25->1024f |
|
|
Corynebacterium xerosis
|
20 1 |
<0.003 |
4 |
<0.003-32 <0.2
|
|
|
Corynebacterium speciesd
|
20 |
<0.003 |
0.007 |
<0.003-0.015 |
|
|
Dermabacter hominis
|
49 |
<0.03 |
<0.03 |
<0.03-32 |
|
|
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
|
5 |
128 |
|
64-256 |
|
|
Eubacterium aerofaciens
|
1 |
|
|
0.125 |
|
|
Eubacterium lentim
|
1 |
|
|
0.001 |
|
|
Eubacterium limosum
|
1 |
|
|
0.001 |
|
|
Eubacterium species
|
14 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.0125-6.2 |
|
|
Gordonna terrae
|
3 |
|
|
<1.0-4.0 |
|
|
Lactobacillus confusus
|
11 |
|
|
16-32 |
|
|
Lactobacillus species
|
2 |
32 |
32 |
16-32 |
|
|
Listeria monocytogenes
|
40 16 10 10 |
<0.12 <0.003
|
0.25 0.125 0.06
|
<0.12-0.25 <0.003-0.125 0.06 0.12 |
|
Nocardia asteroides
|
37 52 12 |
>50 128 32
|
400 >256 >256 |
<0.39-400 0.5->256 2->256 |
|
|
Nocardia brasiliensis
|
45 |
400 |
400 |
12.5-400 |
|
|
Nocardia farcinica
|
38 |
400 |
400 |
<0.39-400 |
|
|
Nocardia nova
|
21 |
>200 |
400 |
0.78-400 |
|
|
Nocardia otitidiscaviarum
|
19 |
400 |
400 |
50-400 |
|
|
Oerskovia xanthineolytica |
1 |
|
|
4 |
|
|
Oerskovia species
|
4 |
<0.003 |
|
<0.003-2 |
|
|
Propionibacterium acnes
|
2 |
|
|
0.05 |
|
|
Propionibacterium species
|
10 |
0.025 |
12.5 |
0.0125-12.5 |
|
|
Rhodococcus bronchialis
|
1 |
|
|
0.39 |
|
|
Rhodococcus equi
|
N/A 18 7 8 3 8 |
0.06
0.30 |
0.06 0.125 <0.25 |
0.008-0.25 0.0156-0.25
0.14-0.20 0.02-<0.1 0.030-0.06
|
|
|
Turicella otitidis |
146 |
<0.03 |
<0.03 |
<0.03 |
|
|
Gram positive cocci
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aerococcus urinae
|
56 43
|
0.031 0.008 |
0.012 |
<0.004->32 |
|
|
Enterococcus species
|
202 35 |
2.85 |
10.25 |
<0.03->16 0.01-12.5 |
|
|
Enterococcus avium
|
16 |
2 |
4 |
0.5-4 |
|
|
Enterococcus durans
|
17 |
2 |
>8 |
<0.03->1 |
|
|
Enterococcus faecalis
|
12 30 15 17 44
|
2.0 2.0 2 2 3 |
8.0 8.0 8 4 14.8 |
1.0-8 <0.015->0.5 0.25-8 1-8 0.032-64 |
|
|
Enterococcus faecium
|
30 10 9
|
2 8 12 |
>8 16 32
|
<0.13->2 0.015-16 0.023-64 |
|
|
Enterococcus faecium, vancomycin resistant
|
12 1 |
8 |
8 |
0.008-16 0.1 |
|
|
Leuconostoc citreum
|
12 |
|
|
1-2 |
|
|
Leuconostoc dextranicum
|
1 |
|
|
0.06 |
|
|
Leuconostoc lactis
|
2 |
|
|
1-8 |
|
|
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
|
18 2 |
|
|
0.5-8 0.12-0.25
|
|
|
Leuconostoc paramesenteroides
|
1 |
|
|
64 |
|
|
Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides
|
4 |
|
|
1-2 |
|
|
Leuconostoc species
|
7 |
1 |
8 |
0.06-64 |
|
|
Micrococcus luteus
|
1 1 |
|
|
0.0078 <0.2
|
|
|
Micrococcus species
|
188 |
<0.031 |
<0.031 |
<0.031-0.063 |
|
|
Pediococcus acidilactici
|
20 |
|
|
0.12-4 |
|
|
Pediococcus pentosaceus
|
3 |
|
|
1-2 |
|
|
Pediococcus speciesg
|
24 |
0.5 |
2 |
0.12-4 |
|
|
Pediococcus speciesh,i
|
36 21 |
2e 0.25g |
4e 1g |
0.5-8e 0.06-2g
|
|
|
Peptococcus niger
|
4 |
2 |
|
0.5-4 |
|
|
Peptococcus species
|
19 |
0.1 |
3.1 |
0.0125->100 |
|
|
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
|
1 |
|
|
0.0005 |
|
|
Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus
|
1 |
|
|
0.001 |
|
|
Peptostreptococcus magnus
|
1 |
|
|
0.25 |
|
|
Peptostreptococcus species
|
28 |
0.05 |
25 |
0.0125->100 |
|
|
Peptostreptococcus speciesj
|
35 |
1 |
32 |
<0.06-32 |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
26 15 |
0.015 0.015 |
0.015 0.015 |
0.008-0.015 <0.008-0.015 |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus methicillin sensitive
|
30 55 20 63 |
<0.015 <0.03 0.0039 0.01 |
<0.015 1 0.0078 0.08
|
<0.015 <0.003->16 0.002-0.0625 0.005->10.24 |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant
|
52 20 30 10 49 |
>16 0.0078 <0.015 1 0.01
|
>16 0.078 <0.015 2 >10.24 |
<0.003->14 0.0039-0.016 <0.015->8 <0.008-4 0.005->10.24 |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus methicillin- and quinolone- resistant
|
16 |
0.0078 |
1 |
0.0039-1 |
|
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis
|
25 20 50 |
0.015 0.0078 0.015 |
0.015 0.016 0.015 |
0.004-0.015 0.002-0.0625 0.03-0.5
|
|
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis methicillin sensitive
|
37 30 52 |
<0.03 <0.015 0.01
|
0.03 <0.015 0.64 |
<0.03->16 <0.015 0.0012-2.56 |
|
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis methicillin resistant
|
24 30 10 40 |
<0.03 <0.015
0.64
|
4.0 <0.015 <0.008a >10.24 |
<0.03->16 <0.03->4 <0.008a 0.0025->10.24 |
|
|
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
|
30 |
<0.015 |
<0.015 |
<0.015 |
|
|
Staphylococcus haemolyticus methicillin sensitive
|
9 47 |
<0.03 <0.06 |
<0.03 <0.06 |
<0.06-0.5 |
|
|
Staphylococcus haemolyticus methicillin resistant
|
7 49 |
<0.3 <0.06 |
2.85 <0.06 |
0.03->16 <0.06-2 |
|
|
Staphylococcus hominis methicillin sensitive
|
30 |
<0.015 |
<0.015 |
<0.015-0.03 |
|
|
Staphylococcus hominis methicillin resistant
|
6 |
<0.015 |
<0.015 |
|
|
|
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
|
52 |
|
<0.03 |
<0.03-0.13 |
|
|
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
|
30 34 |
<0.015 0.0075
|
0.03 0.0075 |
<0.015-0.03 <0.037-0.0075 |
|
|
Coagulase negative Staphylococcusk methicillin sensitive
|
18 |
<0.03 |
0.59 |
<0.03-2 |
|
|
Coagulase negative Staphylococcusl methicillin resistant
|
8 |
>16 |
>16 |
|
|
|
Coagulase negative Staphylococcusm methicillin sensitive
|
73 |
0.02 |
1.28 |
0.005-2.56 |
|
|
Coagulase negative Staphylococcusm methicillin resistant
|
36 |
0.04 |
10.24 |
0.005->10.24 |
|
|
Stomatococcus mucilaginosus
|
63 1
|
<0.031 |
<0.031 |
<0.031 0.06 |
|
|
Streptococcus agalactiae
|
25 30 88 20 9 145
|
1.0 0.13 0.12 0.30 0.125 0.5 |
1.0 0.25 0.25 0.60 0.35 1 |
0.25-1.0 0.06-0.25 0.03-0.5 0.15-0.60 0.032-0.5 0.125-2 |
|
|
Streptococcus anginosus
|
7 |
0.032 |
0.064 |
0.016-0.064 |
|
|
Streptococcus bovis
|
19 13
|
0.13 0.125 |
0.25 0.354 |
<0.015-0.25 0.032-0.75 |
|
|
Streptococcus equi
|
10 |
|
0.0625 |
0.008-0.0625 |
|
|
Streptococcus equisimilis |
6 |
|
0.125 |
0.0625-0.125 |
|
|
Streptococcus mitis
|
27 |
0.039 |
0.055 |
0.016-0.38 |
|
|
Streptococcus mutans
|
5 |
0.032 |
0.047 |
0.016-0.047 |
|
|
Streptococcus oralis
|
6 |
0.079 |
0.11 |
0.047-0.125 |
|
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae
|
28 20 30 18 1,165 66
|
0.12 0.016 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.016
|
4.0 0.25 0.06 0.125 0.06 0.023 |
0.06-32 0.016-2 <0.015-0.13 0.03-0.25 <0.015->32 0.003-0.047 |
|
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-intermediate
|
216 |
0.03 |
0.06 |
<0.015->32 |
|
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-resistant
|
145 |
0.03 |
0.06 |
<0.015-8 |
|
|
Streptococcus pyogenes
|
20 30 25 36 63
|
0.0313 0.13 0.12 0.047 0.5 |
0.0625 0.13 0.12 0.094 0.5 |
0.0078-0.0625 <0.015-0.13 0.03-0.12 0.016-0.19 <0.003-0.5 |
|
|
Streptococcus salivarius
|
4 |
0.109 |
0.125 |
0.094-0.125 |
|
|
Streptococcus sanguis |
16 |
0.056 |
0.094 |
0.023-0.19 |
|
|
Streptococcus species Group A, B, C, G
|
26 |
0.125 |
0.125 |
<0.008-8 |
|
|
Streptococcus species, Group C
|
6 |
0.0275 |
0.532 |
0.016-1 |
|
|
Streptococcus species, Group G
|
29 |
0.023 |
0.032 |
0.016-0.047 |
|
|
Streptococcus species, Group C, F, G
|
104 |
0.125 |
0.5 |
<0.03-1 |
|
|
Streptococcus suis
|
21 |
|
10a |
10a |
|
|
Streptococcus zooepidemicus
|
10 |
|
0.0625 |
0.0156-0.0625 |
|
|
Viridans group streptococci
|
34 30 |
0.06 0.06 |
0.12 0.13 |
0.03-8 <0.25-2 |
|
|
a- and nonhemolytic streptococciw
|
278 |
0.125 |
0.25 |
<0.03->64 |
|
|
Gram Negative Cocci
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acidaminococcus fermentens
|
7 |
2 |
|
<0.06-32 |
|
|
Branhamella catarrhalis, b-lactamase positive (Moraxella catarrhalis)
|
58 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.007-0.06 |
|
|
Branhamella catarrhalis, b-lactamase negative (Moraxella catarrhalis)
|
16 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.007-0.25 |
|
|
Megasphaera elsdenii
|
20 |
1 |
8 |
<0.06-16 |
|
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
11 29 44
|
0.25
|
0.5 0.2 |
<0.125-0.5 0.06-2 <0.006-0.78 |
|
|
Neisseria meningitidis
|
26 68 102 |
0.03 0.016 0.032 |
0.5 0.032 0.19
|
0.015-1 0.004-0.25 <0.016->256 |
|
|
Veillonella parvula
|
1 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
Veillonella species
|
13 |
|
|
0.13-2 |
|
|
Gram Negative Bacilli
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acinetobacter species
|
15 15 |
8 2 |
8 4 |
4-16 0.06-8 |
|
|
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
|
17 1 |
|
|
0.4-12.5 2 |
|
|
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
|
24 14 1 1
|
|
1.6
|
0.1-3.12 0.2-0.8 0.39 0.04 |
|
|
Actinobacillus equuli |
5 |
|
2 |
1-2 |
|
|
Actinobacillus suis species |
14 |
1 |
4 |
1-4 |
|
|
Aeromonas hydrophila |
41
|
|
|
<300n |
|
|
Aeromonas sobria
|
32 |
|
<300 |
|
|
|
Bacteroides distasonis
|
1 |
|
|
0.025 |
|
|
Bacteroides fragilis
|
1 14 13 75 34 |
0.05 0.25 |
12.5 0.25 |
0.0313 0.025->100 <0.125-0.5 <0.06-<64 0.26n
|
|
|
Bacteroides ovatus
|
3 |
|
|
0.1-0.8 |
|
|
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
|
2 |
|
|
0.4 |
|
|
Bacteroides vulgatus
|
1 1 |
|
|
0.025 0.0625 |
|
|
Bacteroides species
|
17o 59
|
0.05 |
50 |
0.06o 0.025->100 |
|
|
Bordetella avium
|
10 |
|
1 |
0.5-1 |
|
|
Bordetella bronchiseptica |
9 48 11 |
>128 |
2 >128 |
0.125->16 0.06-2 64->128 |
|
|
Bordetella parapertussis
|
46 |
8 |
16 |
4-64 |
|
|
Bordetella pertussis
|
75 |
0.5 |
1 |
0.12-8 |
|
|
Brucella abortus
|
54 |
0.31 |
1.25 |
0.018-2.5 |
|
|
Brucella canis
|
4 |
0.62 |
|
0.15-5.0 |
|
|
Brucella melitensis
|
N/A 81 |
|
0.50 1 |
0.03-1.0 0.5-2 |
|
|
Brucella neotomae
|
1 |
|
|
0.31 |
|
|
Brucella ovis
|
3 |
|
0.075a |
0.075 a |
|
|
Brucella suis
|
24 |
1.25 |
5.0a |
0.31-5.0 |
|
|
Brucella speciesp
|
27 62 |
0.3 0.5 |
1.0 |
0.1-4 |
|
|
Campylobacter coli
|
10 |
32 |
64 |
32-64 |
|
|
Campylobacter hyointestinalis
|
10 |
32 |
64 |
32-64 |
|
|
Campylobacter jejuni
|
54 200 10
|
12.5 20 |
>100a 20 |
1.56->100 20 >100 |
|
|
Campylobacter pyloridis (Helicobacter pylori)
|
12 50 |
0.5 1 |
0.5 1 |
0.5-2 0.5-2 |
|
|
Campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosalis
|
10 |
16 |
32 |
2-32 |
|
|
Citrobacter freundii
|
4 |
32 |
32 |
32 |
|
|
Citrobacter diversus
|
4 |
32 |
32 |
32 |
|
|
Citrobacter species
|
2 4
|
|
|
12.25 >25 |
|
|
DF-2 (Capnocytophaga canimorsus)
|
8 |
|
|
(0.06) |
|
|
Eikenella corrodens
|
40 |
0.5 |
2 |
<0.5-2 |
|
|
Enterobacter species
|
31 6 6
|
|
|
12.5-25 12.84n 6-25 |
|
|
Enterobacter aerogenes
|
15 25 |
32 32 |
64 64 |
16-64 16-64 |
|
|
Enterobacter agglomerans
|
14 27 |
32 32 |
64 64 |
8-64 8-128 |
|
|
Enterobacter amnigenus
|
11 |
16 |
32 |
8-32 |
|
|
Enterobacter cloacae
|
13 15 29 |
64 16 32 |
64 >16 32 |
16-64 8->16 16-32 |
|
|
Enterobacter gergoviae
|
11 |
16 |
16 |
8-32 |
|
|
Enterobacter intermedium
|
10 |
16 |
32 |
16-32 |
|
|
Enterobacter sakazakii
|
195 |
8 |
8 |
2-16 |
|
|
Enterobacter taylorae
|
10 |
16 |
32 |
8-32 |
|
|
Escherichia coli
|
15 35 15 71 |
8
8 |
16
>16 |
8-16 3.1-25 0.06->16 5.3n
|
|
|
Flavobacterium meningosepticum
|
3 1 1 11 |
0.6 |
|
0.625-1.25 0.25 0.39 0.6-1.25
|
|
|
Flavobacterium species |
28 |
1 |
|
0.25-2
|
|
|
Fusobacterium mortiferum
|
1 |
|
|
>32 |
|
|
Fusobacterium nucleatum
|
1 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
Fusobacterium varium
|
1 |
|
|
>32 |
|
|
Fusobacterium species
|
10 |
0.4 |
50 |
0.025->100 |
|
|
Gardnerella vaginalis
|
93 |
1.0 |
2.0 |
|
|
|
Haemophilus ducreyi
|
103 38 122 |
0.004 0.016 0.004 |
0.008 0.03 0.03 |
0.0001-1.0 0.008-0.03 <0.0001-0.125 |
|
|
Helicobacter pylori
|
N/A |
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
Haemophilus influenzae
|
26 20 18 20 20 |
1.0 0.25 0.25 |
1.0 0.25 0.5
|
0.5-64 0.0625-1 0.125-0.5 0.2-0.4 0.12-0.5
|
|
|
Haemophilus influenzae, b-lactamase-negative
|
977 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
<0.03->64 |
|
|
Haemophilus influenzae, b-lactamase-positive
|
560 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
<0.03-16 |
|
|
Klebsiella aerogenes
|
57 |
|
|
11.9n |
|
|
Klebsiella pneumoniae
|
14 35 15 57 |
32
>16 |
32
>16 |
16-32 6.3-50 8-32 (11.9)
|
|
|
Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis
|
23 |
2 |
4 |
0.5-4 |
|
|
Klebsiella species
|
9 |
|
|
15.37n |
|
|
Legionella bozemanii
|
4 2 1 |
|
|
0.038n <0.0625 <0.002
|
|
|
Legionella dumoffii
|
2 2 |
|
|
0.06 n <0.0625-0.25
|
|
|
Legionella gormanii
|
1 1 |
|
|
0.03 <0.0625
|
|
|
Legionella jordanis
|
1 |
|
|
0.03 |
|
|
Legionella longbeachae
|
5 2 |
|
|
0.25n <0.002-0.004
|
|
|
Legionella micdadei
|
4 1 5 2 1 |
|
|
0.026n 0.031 <0.0625-0.125 0.008 0.018
|
|
|
Legionella oakridgensis
|
8 |
|
|
0.12n |
|
|
Legionella pneumophila
|
22 22 14 33 20 30 56 98 32
|
<0.004
0.06 |
0.125a
<0.004 0.015 0.12 |
0.015-0.03 0.027n (<0.05) 0.125a 0.002-0.004 0.002-0.004 <0.004-0.008 0.007-0.015 0.03-0.25 |
|
|
Legionella wadsworthii
|
1 |
|
|
0.022 |
|
|
Legionella speciest
|
11 |
0.12 |
0.5 |
0.03-0.5 |
|
|
Mobiluncus curtisii
|
12 |
<0.004 |
<0.004 |
<0.004 |
|
|
Mobiluncus mulieris
|
10 |
<0.004 |
<0.004 |
<0.004 |
|
|
Morganella morganii
|
15 15 |
16 8 |
32 16 |
8-32 4->16 |
|
|
Pasteurella species |
7 |
|
|
0.125-4 |
|
|
Proteus species
|
34q 9 9 26
|
6.25-12.5
|
25-50 |
3.1-25 q 4-16 6.97n 1.56->50 |
|
|
Proteus mirabilis
|
15 15 33
|
4 4 |
8 4 |
4-8 >16 3.85n
|
|
|
Proteus morganii |
15 |
|
|
11.4n
|
|
|
Proteus rettgeri
|
15 |
|
|
5.8n |
|
|
Proteus vulgaris
|
17 15 18
|
16 4 |
32 8 |
8-32 4-8 4.28n
|
|
|
Providencia rettgeri
|
15 |
16 |
32 |
8-64 |
|
|
Providencia stuartii
|
15 34 15 |
8
8 |
16
16 |
4-16 3.1-12.5 4-16 |
|
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
17 35 15 32 33 21
|
32
8 16
|
64
>16 32 15.6 |
32->64 1.6-25 8-32 2-32 15.6-31.3 19.95n |
|
|
Pseudomonas cepacia
|
16 |
|
>400 |
|
|
|
Pseudomonas inconstans
|
1 |
|
|
2.5 |
|
|
Pseudomonas pseudomallei
|
97 64 8 |
25 25 |
25 50 |
3.13-25 6.3-100 35-55
|
|
|
Pseudomonas species
|
12 |
8 |
32 |
4->64 |
|
|
Salmonella agona
|
2 |
|
>256 |
|
|
|
Salmonella enteriditis
|
3 |
|
>256 |
|
|
|
Salmonella infantis
|
6 |
|
>256 |
|
|
|
Salmonella typhi |
18 |
|
12 |
12-25 |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurinum
|
1 1 64 9 25
|
|
>256
|
4 16
0.01-10 7.16n
|
|
|
Salmonella species
|
56 |
3.12-6.25
|
6.25-12.5 |
0.78->25 |
|
|
Serratia marcescens
|
15 35 15 |
64
>16 |
64
>16 |
32-64 25-100 16->16 |
|
|
Serratia species
|
10 |
|
20-50 |
12->50 |
|
|
Shigella species
|
10 |
|
|
(2.5) |
|
|
Tissierella praeacuta
|
30 |
1 |
64 |
<0.06-64 |
|
|
Xanthomonas maltophlia |
14 14 |
7.8 |
|
<1-31.3 0.5-31.3 |
|
|
Yersinia enterocolitica
|
74 |
|
12.5 |
0.20-25 |
|
|
Yersinia frederiksensii
|
2 |
|
3.12a |
3.12a |
|
|
Yersinia intermedia
|
2 |
|
6.25a |
3.12-6.25 |
|
|
Yersinia kristensensii
|
12 |
|
12.5a |
0.78-12.5 |
|
|
Yersinia pestis
|
78
100
|
4
2.0 |
8
8.0 |
2-8 1.6-6.4 <0.03-8.0
|
|
|
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
|
1 |
|
3.12 |
|
|
|
Rickettsia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Afipia felis
|
3 |
|
|
4 |
|
|
Bartonella elizabethae
|
1 |
|
|
0.03 |
|
|
Bartonella henselae
|
1 3 |
|
|
<0.125 0.03-0.06
|
|
|
Bartonella quintana
|
1 2 9 |
0.008-0.016 0.12 |
0.022-0.028 0.25 |
<0.125
0.06-0.25 |
|
|
Bartonella vinsonii
|
1 1 |
|
|
<0.125 0.12 |
|
|
Coxiella burnetii
|
1 |
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
Coxiella burnetii, “S” isolate
|
1 |
0.02 |
0.05 |
|
|
|
Coxiella burnetii, Nine Mile isolate
|
1 |
0.08 |
0.3 |
|
|
|
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
|
1 |
|
|
0.125 |
|
|
Ehrlichia risticii |
1
|
|
|
0.45-0.90 |
|
|
Ehrlichia sennetsu
|
1 |
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
Agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE)
|
3 |
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
Rickettsia azadi |
1 |
|
|
0.25-0.5 |
|
|
Rickettsia conorii |
1 |
|
|
0.25 |
|
|
Rickettsia prowazekii |
1 1 |
|
|
0.008 >0.001-<0.01
|
|
|
Rickettsia rickettsii |
1 |
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chlamydia trachomatis |
2 22 1 N/A
|
|
0.125 |
0.005-0.007 (0.060-500) 0.008 (0.008) |
|
|
Mycoplasma genitalium
|
7 |
|
|
32-64 |
|
|
Mycoplasma hominis
|
N/A |
|
|
1.6->100 |
|
|
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
3 11
|
64
|
128 |
64-128 <0.06-128 |
|
|
Treponema denticola
|
1 |
|
|
>20 |
|
|
Treponema socranskii
|
N/A |
|
|
(>20) |
|
|
Treponema vincentii
|
N/A |
|
|
(>20) |
|
|
Ureaplasma urealyticum
|
20 |
>128 |
>128 |
>128 |
|
|
Fungi
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aspergillus flavus
|
9 3
|
>1000 1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 500-1000 |
|
|
Aspergillus fumigatus
|
17 3
|
>1000 |
>1000 |
>1000 1000a |
|
|
Aspergillus niger
|
5 |
|
>1000 |
>1000 |
|
|
Blastomyces dermatitidis |
1 |
|
|
12.5 |
|
|
Fusarium proliferatum |
1 |
|
|
500-1000 |
|
|
Histoplasma capsulatum |
1 1 |
|
|
80 >100 |
|
|
Trichosporon beigelii (T. cutaneum)
|
1 |
|
|
>50 |
|
|
Parasites
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acanthamoeba castellani
|
1 |
|
|
>10 |
|
|
Leishmania aethiopica |
1 |
|
|
100 |
|
|
Leishmania donovani |
1 1 |
|
|
500 20
|
|
|
Leishmania tropica major |
1 |
|
|
500 |
|
|
Leishmania tropica minor |
1 |
|
|
500 |
|
|
Naegleria fowleri
|
1 |
|
|
>50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N/A - not available
Note - Methodologies and media vary between reports
a - MIC100
b - includes 4 Clostridium malenominatum, 2 C. scatogenes, 1 C. sporogenes, 1 C. tyrobutyricum, 4 Eubacterium combesii, 2 E. brachy, 1 E. nitritogenes, and 1 Propionibacterium acidipropionici
c - includes Clostridium perfringens and C. beijerinckij
d - includes 4 Corynebacterium aquaticum, 2 C. diphtheriae, 6 C. ulcerans, 4 C. pseudotuberculosis, and 4 C. renale
e - pH of 7.4
f - pH of 8.5
g - includes 20 Pediococcus acidilactici and 3 P. pentosaceus
h - includes Pediococcus acidilactici, P. pentosaceus, P. urinaeequi
i - includes 14 Pediococcus acidilactici and 7 P. pentosaceus
j - includes 26 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, 4 P. asaccharolyticus, and 5 P. prevotii
k - includes Staphylococcus saprophyticus, S. hominis, S. warneri, S. simulans, S. scuri, S. capitis, and S. cohnii
l - includes Staphylococcus simulans, S. hominis, S. saprophyticus
m - includes Staphylococcus capitis, S. cohnii, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. saprophyticus, S. simulans, S. warneri, and S. xylosus
n - geometric mean MIC
o - includes Bacteroides eggerthii, B. melaninogenicus, B. oralis, B. ruminicola, B. uniformis
p - includes Brucella abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, B. neotomae, B. ovis, and B. suis
q - includes 15 Proteus mirabilis, 11 P. morganii, 6 P. rettgeri, and 3 P. vulgaris
r - pH = 7.2
s - ph = 5.2
t - includes 3 Legionella bozemanii, 3 L. longbeachae, 2 L. dumoffii, 1 L. gormanii, 1 L. erythra, and 1 L. micdadei
u - 7H9 broth
v - 7H11 agar
w - includes 127 Streptococcus mitis, 41 S. sanguis II, 17 S. sanguis, 52 S. salivarius, 9 S. oralis, 4 S. milleri, 22 S. sanguis I, 2 S. intermedius, 2 S. milleri, 1 S. anginosus, and 1 S. equinus
Table 2. Summary Table of Susceptibilities to Rifabutin
|
Organism |
# isolates |
MIC50 mg/ml |
MIC90 mg/ml |
Range or (MIC, unspecified) mg/ml |
Reference |
|
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
|
1 |
|
|
0.0005 |
|
|
Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus
|
1 |
|
|
<0.00003 |
|
|
Peptostreptococcus magnus
|
1 |
|
|
0.0078 |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
1 |
|
|
0.005 |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-susceptible
|
20 |
0.016 |
0.0313 |
0.002-0.0625 |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant
|
20 |
0.0313 |
0.0625 |
0.0313-0.0625 |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus methicillin- and quinolone- resistant
|
16 |
0.0313 |
2 |
0.016-2 |
|
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis
|
20 |
0.0313 |
0.0625 |
0.016-0.0625 |
|
|
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
|
1 |
|
|
0.075 |
|
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae
|
20 |
0.0039 |
0.0313 |
0.0005-0.25 |
|
|
Streptococcus pyogenes
|
20 |
0.016 |
0.016 |
0.002-0.0313 |
|
|
Gram Negative Cocci |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae non-penicillinase producing
|
31 |
0.78 |
0.78 |
0.2-1.56 |
|
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae penicillinase producing
|
13 |
0.78 |
1.56 |
0.39-3.13 |
|
|
Veillonella parvula
|
1 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
Gram Negative Bacilli |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
|
1 |
|
|
4 |
|
|
Bacteroides fragilis
|
1 1 |
|
|
0.0313 0.075
|
|
|
Bacteroides vulgatus
|
1 |
|
|
0.0078 |
|
|
Campylobacter jejuni
|
200 |
0.31 |
0.62 |
0.31-0.62 |
|
|
Citrobacter species
|
2 |
|
|
10 |
|
|
Enterobacter cloacae
|
2 |
|
|
25 |
|
|
Enterobacter species
|
6 |
|
|
14.10c |
|
|
Escherichia coli
|
1 3 10 9
|
|
|
16 6.25-25 0.01-10 5.95 c |
|
|
Fusobacterium mortiferum
|
1 |
|
|
>32 |
|
|
Fusobacterium nucleatum
|
1 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
Fusobacterium varium
|
1 |
|
|
>32 |
|
|
Haemophilus ducreyi
|
38 |
0.08 |
0.016 |
0.004-0.016 |
|
|
Haemophilus influenzae
|
20 1 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.125-2 0.62 |
|
|
Helicobacter pylori
|
49 |
|
0.0078 |
|
|
|
Klebsiella pneumoniae
|
1 2 1 |
|
|
16 25 10 |
|
|
Klebsiella species
|
9 |
|
|
15.42c |
|
|
Legionella micdadei
|
1 |
|
|
0.078 |
|
|
Legionella pneumophila
|
12 |
|
0.078 |
|
|
|
Proteus vulgaris |
1 |
|
|
5 |
|
|
Proteus species
|
9 |
|
|
22.45c |
|
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
1 1 3 |
|
|
20 16 0.01-30 |
|
|
Pseudomonas inconstans |
1 |
|
|
2.5 |
|
|
Pseudomonas species
|
5 |
|
|
>20c |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurinum
|
1 1 10 |
|
|
4 16 0.01-10
|
|
|
Serratia marcescens |
1 |
|
|
32 |
|
Rickettsia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE)
|
3 |
|
|
(<0.125) |
|
|
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chlamydia trachomatis
|
1 21 |
|
|
0.009 0.007-0.030
|
|
|
Toxoplasma gondii
|
1 1 |
1.68 26.5 |
|
1.63-1.71 |
N/A - not available
Note - Methodologies and media vary between reports
a - 100% of isolates susceptible
b - 71.4% of isolates susceptible
c - geometric mean
d - 7H9 broth
e - 7H11 agar
Table 3. In vitro Synergy/Combination Studies with Rifamycins
|
Organism |
RMP |
RBT |
Other Antibiotics |
Result |
References |
|
Gram positive bacilli
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clostridium difficile |
x |
|
bacitracin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
vancomycin |
S, AD |
|
|
|
x |
|
metronidazole |
S, AD |
|
|
Clostridium species |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I, AD |
|
|
Corynebacterium bovis |
x |
|
erythromycin |
PNS |
|
|
Listeria monocytogenes |
x |
|
penicillin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
ampicillin |
A |
|
|
|
x |
|
levofloxacin |
A |
|
|
|
x |
|
sparfloxacin |
A |
|
|
|
x |
|
clinafloxacin |
A |
|
|
Rhodococcus equi |
x |
|
erythromycin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
gentamicin |
A |
|
|
|
x |
|
erythromycin |
I |
|
|
Gram positive cocci
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Enterococcus species |
x |
|
penicillin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
vancomycin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
ampicillin |
A |
|
|
Enterococcus faecalis |
x |
|
gentamicin |
I |
|
|
Enterococcus faecium |
x |
|
gentamicin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
gentamicin, ciprofloxacin |
PNS |
|
|
|
x |
|
novobiocin |
A |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
oxacillin |
S, A, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
nafcillin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
vancomycin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
vancomycin |
A |
|
|
|
x |
|
trimethoprim |
A |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin sensitive |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
AD |
|
|
|
x |
|
minocycline |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
cephalothin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
trimethoprim |
A |
|
Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant |
x |
|
minocycline |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis |
x |
|
vancomycin, gentamicin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
vancomycin |
A |
|
|
|
x |
|
gentamicin |
S, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
dicloxacillin |
S, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
fusidic acid |
S, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
dicloxacillin, fusidic acid |
S, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
fleroxacin |
A, S, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
cephazolin |
A,I |
|
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin resistant |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
nafcillin |
S, A, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
gentamicin, vancomycin, cephalothin |
A, I, AD |
|
|
Coagulase negative staphylococcia, methicillin sensitive |
x |
|
minocycline |
S |
|
|
Coagulase negative staphylococcia, methicillin resistant |
x |
|
minocycline |
S |
|
|
Streptococcus agalactiae |
x |
|
penicillin |
S, A, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
ampicillin |
A |
|
|
|
x |
|
fleroxacin |
S, A, I |
|
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
penicillin |
A |
|
|
|
x |
|
ceftriaxone |
A |
|
|
|
x |
|
1-ofloxacin |
A |
|
|
Streptococcus pyogenes |
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S |
|
|
Groups A, B, C, and G streptococci |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I, AD |
|
|
Gram negative cocci
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
x |
|
trimethoprim |
A |
|
|
Gram negative bacilli
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acinetobacter species |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
S |
|
|
Actinobacillus actinomycemcomitans |
x |
|
penicillin |
S, AD, A, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
ceftriaxone |
S, AD, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
cephapirin |
AD, A, I |
|
|
Bacteroides fragilis |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S |
|
|
Enterobacter cloacae |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
Enterobacter species |
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
imipenem |
S, AD, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
imipenem, ciprofloxacin |
S |
|
|
Escherichia coli |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S, AD |
|
|
Haemophilus influenzae |
x |
|
cefuroxime |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ceftazidime |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ceftriaxone |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
cefotaxime |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
fleroxacin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ampicillin |
AD, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
chloramphenicol |
AD, I |
|
|
Helicobacter pylori |
x |
|
bismuth subcitrate |
S |
|
|
Klebsiella pneumoniae |
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
fleroxacin |
AD, I |
|
|
Legionella pneumophila |
x |
|
erythromycin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ciprofloxacin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
ofloxacin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
levofloxacin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
erythromycin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
cefoxitin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
RPR 106972c |
AD, I |
|
|
Legionella speciesb |
x |
|
RPR 106972c |
AD, I |
|
|
Morganella morganii |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
Proteus mirabilis |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S |
|
|
Proteus morganii |
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S |
|
|
Proteus rettgeri |
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S |
|
|
Proteus vulgaris |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S |
|
|
Providencia stuartii |
x |
|
trimethoprim |
AD |
|
|
|
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
fleroxacin |
AD, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
imipenem |
S, AD, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
imipenem, ciprofloxacin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ceftazidime, gentamicin |
S, AD, I, A |
|
|
|
x |
|
ceftazidime, tobramycin |
S, AD, I, A |
|
|
|
x |
|
ceftazidime, amikacin |
S, AD, I, A |
|
|
|
x |
|
cefpirome, gentamicin |
S, AD, I, A |
|
|
|
x |
|
cefpirome, tobramycin |
S, AD, I, A |
|
|
|
x |
|
cefpirome, amikacin |
S, AD, I, A |
|
|
|
x |
|
ticarcillin, tobramycin |
S |
|
|
Pseudomonas cepacia |
x |
|
imipenem |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ticarcillin, imipenem |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
tobramycin, imipenem |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
tobramycin, imipenem |
S |
|
|
Salmonella typhi |
x |
|
novobicin |
S |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurinum |
x |
|
trimethoprim |
AD |
|
|
Serratia marcescens |
x |
|
fleroxacin |
I |
|
|
|
x |
|
trimethoprim |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
imipenem |
AD, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
imipenem, ciprofloxacin |
S |
|
|
Pseudomonas maltophia |
x |
|
TMP/SMX, carbenicillin |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
gentamicin, carbenicillin |
S |
|
|
Rickettsia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Coxiella burnetii, Priscilla isolate |
x |
|
ciprofloxacin |
S |
|
|
Fungi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aspergillus fumigatus |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
Aspergillus flavus |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
Aspergillus niger |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
Aspergillus species |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S, I |
|
|
Candida species |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
Candida albicans |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S S, A |
|
|
|
x |
|
miconazole |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
miconazole nitrate |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ketoconazole |
I A |
|
|
|
x |
|
fluconazole |
S, I |
|
|
|
x |
|
amphotericin B, ketoconazole |
AD |
|
|
Candida guilliermondii |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S, A S |
|
|
Candida krusei |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S S, A |
|
|
|
x |
|
miconazole |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
miconazole nitrate |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ketoconazole |
I |
|
|
Candida parapsilosis |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S S, A |
|
|
Candida pseudotropicalis |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ketoconazole |
A |
|
|
Candida stellatoidea |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S, A S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ketoconazole |
A |
|
|
Candida tropicalis |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S, A S |
|
|
|
x |
|
miconazole |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
miconazole nitrate |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ketoconazole |
I A |
|
|
Coccidioides immitis |
x |
|
itraconazole |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S I |
|
|
Cryptococcus neoformans |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
fluconazole |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
itraconazole |
S |
|
|
Fusarium solani |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
natamycin |
S |
|
|
Histoplasma capsulatum |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
Malassezia furfur |
x |
|
itraconazole |
I |
|
|
Paecilomyces lilacinus |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
I |
|
|
Penicillium species |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
Rhizopus arrhyzus |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
Rhizopus oryzae |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
Rhizopus species |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
Rhodotorula species |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
Saccharomyces brevicaulis |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
I |
|
|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S
|
|
|
Torulopsis glabrata |
x |
|
miconazole |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
miconazole nitrate |
S |
|
|
|
x |
|
ketoconazole |
I |
|
|
Trichosporon beigelii |
x |
|
amphotericin B
|
S |
|
Parasites |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leishmania tropica |
x |
|
amphotericin B |
S |
|
|
Toxoplasma gondii |
|
x |
atovaquone |
S |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note - definition of synergy and methodologies vary among studies and all effects of the combinations were not included in all reports
RMP - rifampicin; RBT - rifabutin; TMP/SMX - trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; S - synergy; A - antagonism; I - indifference; AD - additive; V - variable; NS - precise result not specified; PNS - positive effect, but precise result not specified
a - includes Staphylococcus hominis and S. haemolyticus
b - includes 3 Legionella bozemanii, 3 L. longbeachae, 2 L. dumoffii, 1 L. gormanii, 1 L. erythra, and 1 L. micdadei
c - RPR 106972 is a new oral streptogramin
Table 4. Reports of Noninfectious Uses of Rifamycins
|
Disease |
Reference |
|
Alzheimer’s disease |
|
|
Antitumor |
|
|
Crohn’s disease |
|
|
Dermatomyositis |
|
|
Diverticulitis |
|
|
Folliculitis decalvans |
|
|
Hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Henoch-Schönlein purpura |
|
|
Hepatic encephalopathy |
|
|
Kaposi sarcoma |
|
|
Periarteritis nodosum |
|
|
Pruritus |
|
|
Psoriasis |
|
|
Rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Sarcoidosis |
|
|
Thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Silicosis |
|
|
Systemic lupus erythematosus |
|
|
Ulcerative colitis |
Table 5. Tissue/plasma
ratio (6-12 hour post dose)
|
Tissue |
Rifampicin |
Rifabutin |
Rifapentine
|
|
Lung |
>1 |
1.4-8.6 |
>1 |
|
Muscle |
1 |
0.22-0.43 |
>1 |
|
Bile |
<1 |
320-505 |
>1 |
|
Gallbladder |
<1 |
2-4.3 |
NA |
|
Ileum |
NA |
54 |
NA |
|
Jejunum |
NA |
93 |
NA |
|
Stomach wall |
>1 |
NA |
NA |
|
Skin |
1 |
>1 |
NA |
|
Liver |
<1 |
>1 |
>1 |
|
Fat |
>1 |
>1 |
>1 |
|
Breast milk |
>1 |
NA |
NA |
|
CNS, Brain |
<1 |
<1 |
<1 |
|
Aqueous humor |
<1 |
<1 |
<1 |
|
Spleen |
1 |
>1 |
>1 |
|
Table 6. The role of Rifampin in Nonmycobacterial Infectionsa |
||
|
Organism or Disease |
Drug(s) of Choice |
Role of Rifampin and Dosage
|
|
Staphylococcal
endocarditis, |
Penicillin, oxacillin,
cephalosporins, |
Only in refractory disease, 300 mg b.i.d. in addition to conventional therapy. |
|
Staphylococcal chronic
skin or |
Rifampin, mupirocin |
Proved, 300 mg b.i.d. x 10 days. |
|
Haemophilus
influenzae |
Rifampin |
Proved, 20mg/day not to exceed 600mg/day for 2-4 days. |
|
Neisseria
meningitides |
Rifampin, minocycline,
ceftriaxone, |
Proved, 600 mg q12h x
2 days for adults; for children |
|
Legionella pneumophila |
Quinolones,
erythromycin, |
Clinical evidence suggests efficacy in severe disease, 300mg b.i.d. x 2-3 wks in combination therapy. |
|
Streptococcus
pyogenes |
Clindamycin,
amoxicillin, clavulanic |
Proved, 300 mg b.i.d. x 10-14 days with or without a second antibiotic |
|
Brucellosis |
Streptomycin,
tetracycline, |
Proved in combination therapy, 300 mg b.i.d. x 6-12 wks. Doses up to 900 mg daily have been used |
|
Bartonella henselae |
Rifampin,
ciprofloxacin, TMP-SMX, |
First line, usually in combination therapy, 300mg b.i.d x 2-4 wks. |
|
Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis |
Tetracycline,
streptomycin, |
Rarely effective in resistant disease or for topical use. |
|
Streptococcus
pneumoniae |
Vancomycin, ceftriaxone |
Questionable
additional activity when given in |
|
Clostridium difficile colitis |
Metronidazole, vancomycin |
Only one published study showed clinical efficacy. |
|
Haemophilius
ducreyi |
Erythromycin,
azithromycin |
Limited studies show clinical efficacy. |
|
Chlamydia trachomatis |
Doxycycline,
erythromycin, |
Few clinical reports of efficacy. |
|
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae |
Quinolones,
third-generation |
Because of excellent first-choice antibiotics, rifampin not necessary |
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Aminoglycosides, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem-cilastatin |
Has been given in combination for life-threatening Pseudomonas infections but of unproved efficacy. |
|
Enteric gram-negative
rod |
Aminoglycosides,
aztreonam, |
Rarely required as alternative therapy. |
|
Fungi |
Amphotericin B, imidazoles |
Unproved. |
|
Ehrlichia chaffeensis |
Doxycycline |
Possible alternative therapy. |
|
Salmonella typhi |
Quinolones,
third-generation |
Single study showed clinical efficacy. |
|
Helicobacter pylori |
Metronidazole,
clarithromycin, |
Not needed yet because of many first-line antibiotics. |
|
Plasmodium
Falciparum |
Mefloquine, quinine,
doxycycline, |
May occasionally be useful, but only in combination therapy. |
|
Listeria monocytogenes |
Ampicillin, penicillin, aminoglycosides |
Unproved. |
|
Coxiella burnetti |
Tetracycline,
erythromycin, rifampin, |
Useful in combination therapy. |
|
Rhodococcus equi |
Erythromycin, rifampin, vancomycin, |
Useful in combination therapy. |
a Copied with permission from Pharmacotherapy 1998;18(2): 345-357.