Coagulase: Coagulase is an enzyme produced by Staphylococcus aureus that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. In the laboratory, it is used to distinguish between different types of Staphylococci isolates. Coagulase negativity excludes S. aureus. S. aureus is coagulase-positive.

Slide coagulase test: The slide Coagulase test detects bound coagulase (clumping factor). This type of coagulase is attached to the bacterial cell walls (surface). This test is usually performed on a glass slide.

Tube Coagulase test: The coagulase test is used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from coagulase-negative staphylococci. The test uses rabbit plasma that has been inoculated with a staphylococcal colony. The tube is then incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 1-1/2 hours. If negative, then incubation is continual up to 24 hours. This test detects free coagulase (coagulase that is released by bacterial cells into culture).

·         Positive (i.e., the suspect colony is S. aureus). The serum will coagulate, resulting in a clot (sometimes the clot is so pronounced that the liquid will completely solidify).

·         Negative, the plasma remains liquid. A negative result may be S. epidermidis.

凝固酶：凝固酶是金黄色葡萄球菌产生的一种酶，能将纤维蛋白原转化为纤维蛋白。实验室用于区分不同类型的葡萄球菌。金黄色葡萄球菌凝固酶阳性，凝固酶阴性可排除金黄色葡萄球菌。

玻片凝集试验：玻片凝集试验常在玻片上进行，用于检测结合型凝固酶（聚集因子）。这种凝固酶依附在细菌细胞壁上（表面）。

试管凝固酶试验：凝固酶试验用于鉴别金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌。本试验将葡萄球菌菌落加入兔血浆试管中， 37℃孵育0.5～1小时。如果阴性，继续孵育至24小时。本试验检测的是游离凝固酶（细菌细胞释放到培养基内的凝固酶）。

• 阳性：（例如金黄色葡萄球菌）血清会凝集，形成凝块（有时凝集很明显从而导致液体会完全固化）。

• 阴性：血浆仍为液体。阴性者可能为表皮葡萄球菌。

Choc: Chocolate agar is a non-selective, enriched growth medium. It is a variant of the blood agar plate. It contains red blood cells, which have been lysed by heating. Chocolate agar is used for growing fastidious (hard to grow) bacteria.

巧克力平板：巧克力琼脂是一种非选择性营养丰富的培养基。它是一种血琼脂平板的变种。它含有高温溶解的血红细胞，用于培养苛养菌。

Coccobacilli – A coccobacillus (plural coccobacilli) refers to an intermediate shape between coccus (spherical) and bacillus (elongated). Coccobacilli rods are short and wide and may resemble cocci on a Gram stain.

球杆状：球杆菌（多种球杆状）指介于球菌（球形的）和杆菌（被拉长的）之间的一种形态。球杆菌的杆短而宽，革兰染色类似于球菌。

Dimorphic fungi:  These  fungi can exist in 2 forms: a mold or filamentous form at room temperature or as a yeast at body temperature.  Dimorphic fungi include Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix schenckii, Penicillium.

二相性真菌：二相性真菌有两种存在方式：室温下为霉菌或丝状体，体温下为酵母菌。二相性真菌包括粗球孢子菌，荚膜组织胞浆菌 ，皮炎芽生菌，申克孢子丝菌，青霉属。

GC: GC is an abbreviation for gonococcus (Neisseria gonorrheoae).

GC：GC是淋球菌（淋病奈瑟菌）的缩写。

Germ tube: Candida albicans can exist as both yeast and mycelial (hyphal) forms.  When yeast cells are incubated with serum at 37 degrees C , tube-like appendages (germ tubes) grow from the cell; these are the beginning hyphal forms as the C albicans converts from yeast to mycelia.

芽管试验: 白色念珠菌既能以酵母又能以假菌丝的形式存在。当酵母细胞在37℃的血清中孵育时，可从细胞中长出管状的附生物（芽管）； 这是白色念珠菌从酵母转换为假菌丝时的最初形式。

Gram stain: The Gram stain, is a laboratory staining technique that distinguishes between two groups of bacteria that have differences in the structure of their cell walls. Standard bacterial taxonomy makes a distinction between Gram-negative bacteria, which stain red/pink and the Gram-positive bacteria, which stain blue/purple. Different antimicrobial agents are directed specifically at gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria.

革兰染色：革兰染色是一种实验室染色技术，用于区分两群细胞壁结构不同的细菌。标准细菌分类学将细菌分成两类：一类为革兰阴性菌，染成红色或粉色，一类为革兰阳性菌，染成蓝色或者紫色。对付革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌要使用不同的抗菌剂。

Hemolysis:

Alpha hemolysis (α-hemolysis): Alpha hemolysis is the incomplete lysis of the red blood cells around and under the colonies on a blood agar plate. This area appears dark and greenish. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of streptococci (Streptococcus viridans or viridans streptococci) found in oral flora display alpha hemolysis.

Beta hemolysis (β-hemolysis): Beta hemolysis is the complete lysis of the red blood cells around and under the colonies on a blood agar plate. This area appears transparent. Streptococcus pyogenes displays beta hemolysis and is often called Group A beta-hemolytic strep (GABHS).

Non-hemolytic (γ-hemolysis): If an organism does not induce any hemolysis on a blood agar plate, it is said to display gamma or no hemolysis. The agar under and around the colony is unchanged.

溶血

α溶血：α溶血是血平板上菌落周围和下方的血红细胞不完全溶解。溶血区呈暗绿色。肺炎链球菌和口腔菌正常菌群内的一群链球菌（草绿色链球菌）呈现α溶血。

β溶血：β溶血是指血平板上菌落周围以及下方的血红细胞完全溶解。溶血区透明。化脓性链球菌为β溶血，常称为A组β溶血链球菌(GABHS)。

不溶血（γ溶血）：如果菌落在血平板上不产生任何溶血， 称为γ溶血或不溶血。菌落下方和周围的琼脂无变化。

Hektoen enteric agar: Hektoen agar is a selective and differential agar primarily used to recover Salmonella and Shigella from patient specimens. Hektoen contains indicators of lactose fermentation and H₂S production; as well as inhibitors to prevent the growth of gram positive bacteria.

HEK肠道琼脂：HEK琼脂是一种选择性鉴定培养基，主要用于分离病人标本中沙门菌和志贺菌。HEK含有乳糖发酵和硫化氢生成试验的指示剂，以及抑制革兰阳性菌的药物。

Indole test: The indole test is a biochemical test performed on bacterial species to determine the ability of the organism to split indole form the amino acid tryptophan. The results of an indole test are indicated by a change in color following a reaction after the addition of Kovacs reagent. A positive result is shown by the presence of a red color. A negative result appears yellow. The Indole test is a key test for separating Proteus mirabilis (indole-negative) and Proteus vulgaris (indole-positive) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (indole negative) and K. pneumoniae oxytoca (indole-positive).

吲哚试验：吲哚试验是一种鉴定细菌种属的生化试验，用于检测细菌分解吲哚生成色氨酸的能力。滴加科瓦奇试剂后，根据产生的颜色变化而判定吲哚试验结果。红色为阳性，黄色为阴性。吲哚试验是区分奇异变形杆菌（吲哚阴性）和普通变形杆菌（吲哚阳性），肺炎克雷伯菌（吲哚阴性）和产酸克雷伯菌（吲哚阳性）的关键试验。

MacConkey: MacConkey agar is a selective medium that inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria due to the presence of crystal violet and bile salts. Most Gram-negative bacteria grow well on MacConkey. MacConkey agar also contains neutral red (a pH indicator) and lactose (a disaccharide). Lactose fermenting bacteria or Lactose + bacteria on MacConkey will appear as bright pink colonies. Non-lactose fermenting bacteria will be colorless (or, if they have any color, will be their natural color rather than pink).

麦康凯：麦康凯琼脂是一种选择性培养基，内含结晶紫和胆盐可抑制革兰阳性菌生长。大多数革兰阴性菌在麦康凯上生长良好。麦康凯琼脂还含有中性红（一种PH指示剂）和乳糖（一种二糖）。乳糖发酵型细菌或乳糖阳性细菌在麦康凯上呈亮粉红色菌落。非乳糖发酵型细菌呈无色（或者，如果它们有颜色，则为菌落自身的颜色而不是粉红色）。

Mucoid: Bacterial colonies that appear moist and sticky (resembling mucus).

粘液型：表现为湿润、粘稠（像粘液）的细菌菌落。

Mueller-Hinton: This is a culture medium that is commonly used for antibiotic susceptibility testing.

ＭＨ培养基：一种常用于进行抗生素敏感试验的培养基。

Non-mucoid: Bacterial colonies that are dry and flat looking.

非粘液型：表现为干燥、扁平的细菌菌落。

Latex agglutination - Lancefield groups: Most pathogenic streptococci possess specific carbohydrate antigens, which permit classification into groups (Lancefield’s streptococcal groups A, B, C, D, F and G).  The streptococcal latex agglutination test contains latex particles that have been sensitized with group specific antibody and will agglutinate in the presence of homologous antigen.  In the absence of the particular antigen, the latex particles will remain in a smooth suspension. 

Optochin: Sensitivity to optochin (ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride) is a well established phenomenon for Streptococcus pneumoniae. A positive presumptive identification of S. pneumoniae is made when a well defined zone of inhibition results around a disk impregnated with optochin. Other alpha-hemolytic streptococci do not display this zone of inhibition when in the presence of optochin.

奥普托欣试验：对奥普托欣（盐酸乙氢去甲奎宁）敏感是肺炎链球菌的一个重要特性。奥普托欣纸片周围出现抑菌圈为奥普托欣试验阳性（本人认为抑菌圈直径>14mm才能判定为阳性），可鉴定为肺炎链球菌，其他α溶血链球菌在奥普托欣纸片周围不出现抑菌圈。

Oxidase: The oxidase test is used to determine if a bacterium produces certain cytochrome c oxidases. The reagent, tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine is used as a redox indicator. The reagent turns dark blue when oxidized (oxidase positive). The reagent is colorless when reduced (oxidase-negative). Pseudomonas species and Aeromonas species are gram-negative bacilli that are oxidase-positive. Neisseria species are gram-negative cocci that are oxidase positive.

氧化酶：氧化酶试验是用来检测细菌是否产某些细胞色素C氧化酶的试验。试剂，四甲基对苯二胺用作氧化还原指示剂。氧化时，试剂变成深蓝色（氧化酶阳性），还原时，试剂不变色（氧化酶阴性）。假单胞属和气单胞属是氧化酶阳性的革兰阴性杆菌。奈瑟氏菌属是氧化酶阳性的革兰阴性球菌。

PYR test: the PYR test is a qualitative procedure for determining the ability of streptococci to enzymatically hydrolyze L-pyrrolidonyl- β-napthylamide (PYR). A positive PYR tests allows for the presumptive identification of group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) and group D Enterococci.

PYR试验：PYR试验是一种检测链球菌催化水解PYR能力的定性试验。PYR试验阳性可鉴定为A群链球菌（化脓性链球菌）和D群肠球菌

TCBS: TCBS (thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose) enriched agar enhances growth of Vibrio cholerae.

TCBS：TCBS（硫代硫酸盐-柠檬酸盐-胆盐-蔗糖）营养丰富，利于霍乱弧菌的生长。

TM: Tm is an abbreviation for Thayer Martin agar. Thayer Martin agar is used for the isolation of Neisseria species, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitides; this medium inhibits the growth of most other microorganisms.

TM：是Thayer-Martin琼脂的缩写。Thayer-Martin琼脂用于分离奈瑟菌，包括淋病奈瑟菌、脑膜炎奈瑟菌；本培养基能抑制大多数其他微生物的生长。

Urease: Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. Urease is found in certain bacteria and yeast. Cryptococcus is urease-positive and Candida is urease-negative.

脲酶：脲酶能催化水解尿素成二氧化碳和氨。某些细菌和酵母菌含有脲酶，隐球菌脲酶阳性而假丝酵母脲酶阴性。

X and V factor disks: Species of Haemophilus require either or both of the two factors for growth and can be used to differentiate the species. The X factor is haemin and the V factor is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The factors are incorporated into filter paper disks which are placed on a blood free medium previously inoculated with the organism under test. After incubation, the presence or absence of growth around the disks indicates a requirement for that particular factor.  

Ｘ因子和Ｖ因子纸片：嗜血杆菌属需要一种或者两种因子才能生长，因此可用来鉴别不同的嗜血杆菌。Ｘ因子是氯化高铁血红素，Ｖ因子是辅酶Ａ。将Ｘ和Ｖ因子组合加入滤纸片，贴在接种有待检细菌的无血平板上。孵育后，纸片周围是否有细菌生长或不生长就可以显示待检菌需要哪一类特殊因子。