Table 1. In Vitro Susceptibilities of Chromobacterium violaceum^a
Antibiotic	n	Range	MIC₅₀	MIC₉₀	Breakpoint^b	% Susceptible	Reference
Mezlocillin	11	0.5-64	8	32	£16		1
Piperacillin	11	4-64	16	32	£16		1
Ticarcillin	11	2-128	64	64	£16		1
Ticarcillin-clavulanate	11	0.5-128	32	64	£16/2		1
Apalcillin	11	1-32	8	32			1
Cefamandole	11	³128	³128	³128	£8	0	1
Cefoperazone	3	³128	NA^c	NA	£8	0	75
Cefotaxime	11	2-128	8	128	£8		1
Cefotaxime	3	64-³128	NA	NA	£8	0	75
Cefotetan	11	2-64	16	32	£16		1
Cefoxitin	11	2-128	16	128	£8		1
Cefsulodin	3	³128	NA	NA			75
Ceftazidime	3	³128	NA	NA	£8	0	75
Ceftizoxime	11	4-64	64	64			1
Ceftriaxone	11	0.5->128	4	>128	£8		1
Cephalothin	11	³128	³128	³128	£8	0	1
Moxalactam	3	£0.06-0.5	NA	NA	£8	100	75
Imipenem	11	0.5-4	2	4	£4	100	1
Imipenem	3	4-64	NA	NA	£4		75
Aztreonam	11	0.5-16	2	16	£8		1
Aztreonam	3	32-³128	NA	NA	£8	0	75
Ciprofloxacin	11	£0.008	£0.008	£0.008	£1	100	1
Norfloxacin	11	£0.008	£0.008	£0.008			1
Pefloxacin	11	£0.008-.032	0.016	0.016			1
Nalidixic acid	11	1-4	1	2			1
Amikacin	11	0.25-128	16	64	£16		1
Amikacin	3	³64	NA	NA	£16	0	75
Gentamicin	11	£0.016-16	2	4	£4		1
Gentamicin	3	³64	NA	NA	£4	0	75
Tobramycin	11	0.063-32	4	16	£4		1
Chloramphenicol	11	2-16	8	16	£8		1
Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole^d	11	£0.016-8	0.5	4	£2/38		1
Doxycycline	11	1-4	1	2	£4	100	1
Rifampin	11	1-32	8	16	£1		1
Vancomycin	11	³128	³128	³128	£4	0	1

^a Modified from (1, 75).

^b Current NCCLS interpretative standards for susceptibility (µg/ml).

^c NA = not applicable.

^d Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole tested in a ratio of 1:19. The concentration

refers to the trimethoprim component.

Table 2. Summary of Antimicrobial Therapy Used in the 36 Reported Survivors of Chromobacterium violaceum Infection 1974 through to 2008.^a

	Age	Sex	Disease	Initial therapy	Main therapy	Discharge therapy	Comment	Reference	Year
1.	17	F	Breast abscess.	methicillin i.v.	carbenicillin i.v. ~ 11d. gentamicin i.v. 16d.	NS.b	Surgical drainage. Carbenicillin susceptibility changed between initial and later isolates.	81	1974
2.	3	M	Pustules, septicaemia, osteomyelitis.	gentamicin i.v. ampicillin i.v.	gentamicin i.v. ticarcillin i.v. cotrimoxazole chloramphenicol	cotrimoxazole p.o. duration N.S.		40, 80	1979
3.	49	M	Skin lesions, septicaemia, liver abscesses.		chloramphenicol 24d. ticarcillin i.v. 24d. gentamicin i.v. 24d.	doxycycline p.o. for 2w.		68	1981
4.	53	M	Pustules, liver abscesses.	cephalothin i.v. gentamicin i.v.	chloramphenicol i.v. carbenicillin i.v. ampicillin i.v. all for ~ 3w.	doxycycline p.o. duration NS.		74	1981
5.	15	M	Lymphadenopathy, bacteraemia.	gentamicin i.v. chloramphenicol i.v. clindamycin i.v.	gentamicin i.v. 3w. chloramphenicol i.v. 3w. then: gentamicin i.v. 3w. tetracycline p.o. 3w.	sulfisoxazole p.o. daily, duration not stated.	CGD.	43	1982
6.	5	F	Skin pustules, cellulitis, lymphadenopathy.		tobramycin i.v. chloramphenicol	NS.	CGD.	44	1983
7.	10	M	Skin ulcer, lymphadenopathy, orbital cellulitis.	nafcillin i.v. tobramycin i.v.	nafcillin i.v. chloramphenicol i.v. carbenicillin i.v.	NS.	CGD.c	27	1984
8.	13	M	Skin ulcers.	penicillin i.v. gentamicin i.v.	chloramphenicol 20d. cotrimoxazole 20d.	NS.	Abnormal leukocyte function. Second episode 20m. later, also successfully treated with 21d. of chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole.	55	1984
9.	9	M	Skin abscess, orbital cellulitis.	nafcillin i.v. tobramycin i.v.	carbenicillin i.v. chloramphenicol i.v.	NS.	CGD.	67	1984
10.	22	F	Sepsis.	ampicillin i.v. 3d.	ampicillin i.v. gentamicin i.m.	NS.		53	1984
11.	17m.	M	Pustule, lymphadenopathy.		chloramphenicol i.v.	cotrimoxazole p.o. for at least 6m.	Surgical debridement performed. CGD.	73	1985
12.	24	M	Liver abscesses.	erythromycin i.v.	tobramycin i.v. ~ 4w. piperacillin i.v. ~ 4w.	cotrimoxazole p.o. for 2w.	No immune deficit found.	76	1986
13.	35	M	Skin abscess, septicaemia, liver abscesses.	flucloxacillin i.v. gentamicin i.v. metronidazole i.v.	chloramphenicol i.v. 12d. gentamicin i.v. 26d. imipenem i.v. 26d.	ciprofloxacin 750mg p.o. b.d. for 8w.	No immune defect found.	28	1989
14.	56	M	Septicaemia, skin pustules, liver abscesses.	amoxycillin i.v. gentamicin i.v. metronidazole i.v.	chloramphenicol i.v. tetracycline gentamicin i.v. cotrimoxazoled then: gentamicin i.v. ciprofloxacin 4w.	ciprofloxacin p.o. for 12w.	No immune deficit found.	47	1992
15.	3	F	Skin ulcer, cellulitis, popliteal mass.		gentamicin i.v. ceftazidime i.v. then: gentamicin i.v. cotrimoxazole p.o.	NS.	Ceftazidime susceptibility changed between initial and later isolates.	79	1993
16.	9m.	F	Furuncles, septic arthritis.	NS.	NS.	NS.	Surgical debridement required.	62	1994
17.	27	M	Deep neck tissue infection.	amoxycillin-clavulanate i.v.	chloramphenicol i.v. 6d. amikacin i.v. 6d. then: ciprofloxacin i.v. 4d., p.o. 3d.	ciprofloxacin 750mg. p.o. b.d. for 10w.	Surgical debridement of deep neck tissue required.	60	1997
18.	11	M	Septicaemia, liver abscesses.	imipenem chloramphenicaol cotrimoxazole	ciprofloxacin i.v. 7w. cotrimoxazole i.v. 7w.	cotrimoxazole p.o. 5w.	Percutaneous drainage of the liver abscess.	49	1998
19.	46	M	Septicaemia, liver abscess.		chloramphenicol i.v. gentamicin i.v. then rolitetracycline	ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and doxycycline, all p.o. 16w	5m total on this treatment.	34	1998
20.	5	M	Necrotic ulcer of forehead with cellulitis, septicaemia.	flucloxacillin i.v., gentamicin i.v., metronidazole i.v., ceftriaxone i.v.	imipenem i.v. 10d. chloramphenicol i.v. 10d.	chloramphenicol p.o. 4w.		34	1998
21.	53	M	Traumatic wound infection.	flucloxacillin i.v. 3d. then flucloxacillin p.o. 5d.	ticarcillun-clavulanic acid i.v. 14d. gentamicin i.v. 14d	doxycycline and ciprofloxacin both p.o. 6w	NIDDM.	34	1998
22.	3	M	Septicaemia, chest furuncle, axillary lymphadenopathy.		gentamicin i.v. 7d. cotrimoxazole i.v. 3d, then p.o.	cotrimoxazole p.o. 4w.	CGD.	34	1998
23.	24	F	Traumatic wound infection.	cefpiramide pefloxacin	cefpiramide 10d. pefloxacin 10d.	None.	Surgical closure of wounds. One isolate resistant to cefotaxime.	39	1999
24.	24	F	Traumatic wound infection.	cefpiramide pefloxacin	cefpiramide 10d. pefloxacin 10d.	None.	Surgical closure of wounds.	39	1999
25.	73	F	Septicaemia, septic spondylitis.	cefazolin	piperacillin i.v. 16d. gentamicin i.v. 31d.	ciprofloxacin p.o. 12w.	No immune defect found.	14	2000
26.	9	M	Necrotizing wound infection, septicaemia, liver and spleen abscesses.		tetracycline chloramphenicol	NS.	Debridement, abscesses drained, splenectomy. No immune deficit found.	5	2000
27.	4m	F	Septicaemia, skin pustules, brain, lung, and liver abscesses.	vancomycin, gentamicin, metronidazole	ciprofloxacin cotrimoxazole	cotrimoxazole i.v., then p.o., 6w total duration.	No immune defect found.	50	2001
28.	24	M	Brain abscess.		ciprofloxacin i.v. 4w.	None.	No immune deficit found.	3	2001
29.	5m	M	Diarrhoea.	cefotaxime i.v. gentamicin i.m.	cotrimoxazole p.o. 9d.	None.	No immune deficit found.	21	2002
30.	24	M	Leg abscess.	amoxicillin p.o. 1w, then: cephalexin 6d.	ciprofloxacin p.o. 10d.	None.	No immune deficit found.	23	2003
31.	6	M	Skin pustule, septicaemia.	cefotaxime i.v. vancomycin 3d.	ciprofloxacin i.v. 7d, then p.o. 7d., amikacin 14d	None.		59	2004
32.	38	M	Tibial open wound.		cephapirin sodium astromicine sulphate	None.	Wound debrided. Non-pigmented strain.	38	2005
33.	3	M	Lung, liver and spleen abscesses	ceftazidime cloxacillin 5d, then: imipenem 14d, then chloramphenicol 14d, then p.o. 7d.	imipenem 14d, then 4 courses of imipenem of 21 d, then: ciprofloxacin i.v. 5d, then: cotrimoxazole p.o. 5d.	cotrimoxazole.	CGD. Cotrimoxazole continued as prophylaxis	69	2005
34.	13	M	Ecthyma gangrenosum, septic shock.		Chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, 21 d gentamicin.	ciprofloxacin p.o. 6w.	CGD.	9	2006
35.	35	F	Puerperal sepsis.	gentamicin ciprofloxacin	amikacin 10d gatifloxacin i.v. 10d, then p.o. 7d.	None.		45	2006
36.	80	F	Traumatic wound infection septicaemia.	cefotaxime 3d	levofloxacin i.v. 7d, then p.o. 2d.	None.		11	2007

^a Where sufficient detail is given in the original report on the route and duration of therapy, this is provided. Initial therapy refers to empirical therapy

given before C. violaceum was recovered. Main therapy refers to the agents used for all or most of the definitive course for C. violaceum infection.

^b NS = not stated.

^c CGD = the patient had chronic granulomatous disease.

^d Cotrimoxazole = trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.